2

  -2022

/ 5 



(   )

  : 3 .  :100

:                    

      

-

1.            

2.   ?       

-

3.        ?    

4.     ?          

 

-

5.     ,        

 

2

6.              

-

7.      ?        



8.     ?          

2

  -2022

/ 5 



(   )

  : 3 .  :100

:                    

      

-

1.            

:     

1.  :        6     

,              :

•  :    ,  ,    

  

• :           

     

•  :         ,  ,

      

•  : ,      

  

2.  :            :

• :,            

"     ?"  "  ?"

• :         "  ?"  "   ,

     ?"     

2

• :                

 "   ?"  "       ?"

•  :              

    

• :,            "  ?" 

"         ?"    

3.  :             

 :

• :          ,    

      

• :              

          

•           ,    

     

• :            

     

4.    :          :

•   :            

•   :               ,

      

•  :         ?

•  :   ,     

•        ,   ,    

  

   

1.   :

• - :        

           

•  (469-399  ):           

            

2

•  (427-347  ):          

,            

•  (384-322  ):      , ,  

             

 

2.  :

•    (354-430 .):        

 ,                

•   (1225-1274):         

,     , ,            

 

3.  :

•   (1596-1650):           

  ",  " (  ,   )    

•   (1724-1804):       ,  

           

•      (1770-1831):       

     ,        

 

4.  :

• :  ,          

    -       

•  :           

    

•  :           

        

5.              

  :

• :           



• :,           



2

•            



•    :,            

      

6.  :

• :             

         

• :            

    

•  :             



 ,        , , , 

                 

                

          

2.   ?       

:   

                 

           ,      

     ,               

           ,      

    ,    ,         

          ,       

            , ,   

         

 

             

                

     ;  ,          

     :

2

1.  :            

 ,            

  ,        ,      

  ,      ,       



2.  :

o   :        

    (1685-1753)           

            "esse est percipi" 

"to be is to be perception"       

o     :         ,    

                

        ,     

          ,   

 

3.  :

o     :   ,     

 ,              

  ,         -  , 

        

o   :          

            

 ,      

4.    :

o  :        

            

             ,

              

            

o  :      

              

          ,  

            

o  :          

             

2

            

      

5.    :

o          

             , 

           

o :  ,      

            

     ,      

             

    

6.  :

o    :    

            ,

          ,    

      

o   :  ,      

            

  ,          

    



           ,    

            ,  

            ,  

              ,

        

            

                 

                 

          

2

-

3.        ?    

::       

: 17               

,                   

   ,            

1.   ?

  (1632-1677)          ,

   ,            

              

2.   ?

 , ""                  

          ,     

              ,     

 

3.     :

    ,  ,     I ,      

:

•                    

                

•                  

         

4.     :

          :

•                 

       ,    ,     

   ,         

•   :               

        

• :                   ,

           ;       

2

5.   :

                    

         :

•              ,   

       ,        

•    :   ,           :

  

o :             

         

o             

  ,      ,      



6.        :

                    

 ""         :

•                  

                  

        

• :             ,   

,               

7.   :

   ,           ""      

              

•     , - ,      

             

8.       :

           :

•   :               

       ;       

 

• :        ,          

              , 

2

         ;        

  

•   :              

        ,     

    

9.    :

                   

                    

               ,  

     

10. :

 ,              ,

                 ,

 ,           ,     

          

4.     ?          

 

:1 

17               

        ,     ,  

                  

                  , 

               

    

2.    ?

 ,          ,      

   -        -     :

• : ,   -     -   

              ,  ,

    ,   

2

• : ,               

               

 

    , ",  " (  ,   )   

      ,            

  

3.    

  ,            :

• :     ,    -   

        ,   ,   



•               

             

4.    





 ,        :

• :                

        

• :         ,     

             

   

5.   

                  

,  -             

       ,            

          

,           :

•  :             

               ,

                

      

•               ,  

                  

"  "      

2

6.    

           :

• -  :              , 

                

,   -      ?

•               

        ,        

          ,    

     

•  :  ,   (      

   )   (       

       ), -   - 

  

7.   

   ,            



•   :    ,      

           

•               

             

8. 

                

          -   - 

,                

          ,      

    ,        -      

     

2

-

5.     ,        

 

::   :

  

              ,  

                  

    -    ,  ,   ,        

                  

      

 

      ,  17  18      

          ,        

     

  

              , 

       

1.   (1632-1704)

                 

       " "        ,  

    

       "    " (1690)     

          :

o     ,    

o             

 

    (      )    ( 

     )            

              

2

2.    (1685-1753)

                   

              , "  

 " (esse est percipi)

    , "      " (1710),        

           ,         , 

       ,           



                    

                 

   

3.   (1711-1776)

              

   "    " (1739-1740)       

             :

o      ,      

o :       

                 , 

-     ,    -       ,

          

        ,      

                

   

  

               

    :       ,  

              

       

  

                  

           ,        

      ,           

2

 ,             

   ,           ,   

                 

 



               

    ,              

             ,  

              

        ,        

             -       

    ,      ,     

        

6.              

:   :    

   ,           ,  

      -          

                   ,

     -            

    



:

                 

                  

  :

1.      :           

    ,       -     

              

2

2.  :            ,     

           ,   ( 2+2=4) 

           

3.   :           

               

        ,         

        ,        

  

4.    :          ,

                 ; 

         

  :

•  :    ",  " ("  ,   ")  

               

                  

     

•  :             

   ,             

  

•   :          

   ,                

-

:

               ,

- (- )            

              

  :

1.                 

                   

     ,         

 

2.    ,    -   

  ,             

,   --      

2

3. -         , 

,              

                

4.   :         ,   

                 

 ,        

 :

• .. :          ,      ,

       "-"         

      

• .            ,   ,

              

•  :           

       

    

  :

•                 

                

• -            

                 

   

   :

• :               

        ,       

        

• :       -        

,    -         

   :

• :               

   ,        

• :             

                

   

2

   :

• :            

               

• :     ,          

   , -     

  :

• :       ,         

             ,   

            

• :   -         

         ,     

  ,       



                

                , 

             ,   

    ,           ,

            

                  

                 

  ,         -      

 ,          ,     

    

-

7.      ?        



:   ?

       ,        

 ,                  

2

   ,                ,

   ,     

""  ""    ,         

               ;  ,

                

                

 

   :

1.      :          

         ()      , 

 ,             ,  

       ,       

     

2.             

 ,              

 ,             

-    ,    " "  ""

 

3.  :             

          "   ?"  "

   ?"             

       ,        

      

4. :            

              

               

            

5. :         ,    

                  

            

     

                  :

1.     :

                 

           -    

2

 ;  ,              

             ,    

          ,     

   ,           

 :

• -           "     "

               

              

               

     ,        ""  

 

•  :        ,    

""             

            ,     ,

        ,        

                

  -        ,       

              

2.   :

                  

,                  

         ,             

            ,       

           

 :

•   :             

               

             

            "  " 

             ,  

       

•   :         ""

(  )            

               

   "   "         

2

               

,           

3.   :

         , ,      

      " "  ""       

               - 

    

 :

•  :   ""         

      -     " " 

  ,              

  " "               

      -      

• - :         ,   ""

                

                

             

         ,   " "  

 

4.    :

                 

               

               

      

 :

•  :            

,                

             ,     

                ,

      

• - :              

        ,        

       ,       

       \

2

:

                

  ,            , 

   , ,     ,        

         -    ,

           ,     

      ,       ,

    

8.     ?          

:   :   

   (       )      20

                   

      (          

)       (        )   

            

      1920  1930       

               

      ,        

             ,  

             

     ,        ,  

,  ,      

    

                , 

            

        

 ,   (   ,       

 )                

                 , 

       (  ,     

)

2

                 

,       ,         

        

      

1.  

            ,       

                 

                

•  :           , 

 - ,            

   ,  "    100     "

              

•     :           

   ,   "      "   

               

      

 ,                   

    ,        , "    

  "  "   "            ,

                

2.    

           ,   

,     (     ,    

       )        

                

   ,              

  , "    ?"  "      ?"  

    ,             

 ,                 

3.   

                    

     - ,      -      

                  

    ,          

2

  ,     (   )     

    ,     ,    

         

4.      

               

           ,     

                   



  ,          ""    ,   ""

                 

      ,           

                   



    

1.     

                 

,              

  - ,            

                   

 

2.  

           ,     

                

           ,       

           ,       

   

3.      

           ,  

"     "  "       ," 

           

4.      

         ,        

                   

2

 ,                  

       

5.          

                

    "   "  "   "      

                

      ,         

   

  ,                ,  

           

6.     

                 

              ,

          ,       

 ,             

   

      

     ,         

                  

   :

• -           

       ,          

 

•    :            

       ,         

             ( -

)

•       :,     

,              

,              

                



 ,              

  ,  20             

2

  ,                

 



   20        ,      

              

,                 

                ,

                

   ,        ,    ,   

       

:             ( )       

         ,              